有趣积分

Example

设 \(\displaystyle p(x)=1+x+\frac{x^{2}}{2!}+\dots+\frac{x^{n}}{n!}\),计算 \(\displaystyle \int \frac{x^{n}}{p(x)}\mathrm{~d} x\).

因为 \(\displaystyle p'(x)=1+x+\dots+\frac{x^{n-1}}{(n-1)!}\),所以有如下恒等式:

\[ p(x)-p'(x) = \frac{x^{n}}{n!} \]

则可用此式化简原积分分子:

\[ \begin{aligned} \int \frac{x^{n}}{p(x)}\mathrm{~d} x &= \int \frac{n!(p(x)-p'(x))}{p(x)}\mathrm{~d} x\\ &= n!\int \mathrm{~d} x - n!\int \frac{p'(x)}{p(x)}\mathrm{~d} x\\ &= n!x-n!\ln |p(x)|+C \end{aligned} \]
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