积分与数列极限综合

Example

设 \(a_{n}=\displaystyle \int_{0}^{1} x^{n}\cdot \sqrt{ 1-x^{2} } \mathrm{~d} x\),\(b_{n}=\displaystyle \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \sin ^{n}x \mathrm{~d} x\),求 \(\displaystyle \lim_{ n \to \infty }\sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{a_{n+k}}{b_{n+k}}\).

对 \(a_{n}\) 做三角换元:\(x=\sin t\):

\[ \begin{aligned} a_{n} &= \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \sin ^{n}t\cdot \cos ^{2}t \mathrm{~d} t\\ &= \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \sin ^nt(1-\sin ^{2}t) \mathrm{~d} t\\ &= b_{n}-b_{n+2} \end{aligned} \]

对于 \(b_{n}\),我们根据 \(\mathrm{Wallis}\) 公式得:

\[ b_{n+2}= \frac{n+1}{n+2}b_{n} \]

故:

\[ a_{n}=b_{n}- \frac{n+1}{n+2}\cdot b_{n}=\frac{1}{n+2}\cdot b_{n} \]

因此:

\[ \frac{a_{n}}{b_{n}}=\frac{1}{n+2} \]

代入最终要求的式子:

\[ \begin{aligned} I &= \lim_{ n \to \infty } \sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{1}{n+k+2}\\ &= \lim_{ n \to \infty } \frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=0}^{n} \frac{1}{1+\frac{k+2}{n}}\\ \end{aligned} \]

我们把 \(\dfrac{k+2}{n}\) 看作一个整体,则可以根据 \(k\) 的上下限得到这个整体式子的上下限:

\[ \frac{2}{n} \to \frac{n+2}{n} \]

再根据 \(n\to \infty\) 可以得到积分的上下限为:\(0\to {1}\):

\[ \begin{aligned} I &= \int_{0}^{1} \frac{1}{x+1} \mathrm{~d} x \\ &= \ln(x+1)\bigg|_{0}^1\\ &= \ln 2 \end{aligned} \]
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